A new approach to estimate canopy evaporation and canopy interception capacity from evapotranspiration and sap flow measurements during and following wetting          下载免费PDF全文

J. Uddin  J. P. Foley  R. J. Smith  N. H. Hancock 《水文研究》2016,30(11):1757-1767

Canopy interception and its evaporation into the atmosphere during irrigation or a rainfall event are important in irrigation scheduling, but are challenging to estimate using conventional methods. This study introduces a new approach to estimate the canopy interception from measurements of actual total evapotranspiration (ET) using eddy covariance and estimation of the transpiration from measurements of sap flow. The measurements were conducted over a small‐scale sprinkler‐irrigated cotton field before, during and after sprinkler irrigation. Evaporation and sap flow dynamics during irrigation show that the total ET during irrigation increased significantly because of the evaporation of free intercepted water while transpiration was suppressed almost completely. The difference between actual ET and transpiration (sap flow) during and immediately following irrigation (post irrigation) represents the total canopy evaporation while the canopy interception capacity was calculated as the difference between actual ET and transpiration (sap flow) during drying (post irrigation) following cessation of the irrigation. The canopy evaporation of cotton canopy was calculated as 0.8 mm, and the interception capacity was estimated to be 0.31 mm of water. The measurement uncertainty in both the non‐dimensional ET and non‐dimensional sap flow was shown to be very low. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Application of a Bayesian model to infer the contribution of coalbed natural gas produced water to the Powder River,Wyoming and Montana          下载免费PDF全文

Jason M. Mailloux  Kiona Ogle  Carol D. Frost 《水文研究》2014,28(4):2361-2381

The Powder River Basin (PRB) of Wyoming and Montana contains significant coal and coal bed natural gas (CBNG) resources. CBNG extraction requires the production of large volumes of water, much of which is discharged into existing drainages. Compared to surface waters, the CBNG produced water is high in sodium relative to calcium and magnesium, elevating the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). To mitigate the possible impact this produced water may have on the quality of surface water used for irrigation, the State of Montana passed water anti‐degradation legislation, which could affect CBNG production in Wyoming. In this study, we sought to determine the proportion of CBNG produced water discharged to tributaries that reaches the Powder River by implementing a four end‐member mixing model within a Bayesian statistical framework. The model accounts for the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, δ¹³C_DIC, [Sr] and [DIC] of CBNG produced water and surface water interacting with the three primary lithologies exposed in the PRB. The model estimates the relative contribution of the end members to the river water, while incorporating uncertainty associated with measurement and process error. Model results confirm that both of the tributaries associated with high CBNG activity are mostly composed of CBNG produced water (70–100%). The model indicates that up to 50% of the Powder River is composed of CBNG produced water downstream from the CBNG tributaries, decreasing with distance by dilution from non‐CBNG impacted tributaries from the point sources to ~10–20% at the Montana border. This amount of CBNG produced water does not significantly affect the SAR or electrical conductivity of the Powder River in Montana. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Hypo‐elastic and hyper‐elastic equations of soils          下载免费PDF全文

Koichi Hashiguchi 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2018,42(13):1554-1564

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Dynamic analysis of strain localization in water‐saturated clay using a cyclic elasto‐viscoplastic model     

B. Shahbodagh Khan  M. Mirjalili  S. Kimoto  F. Oka 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2014,38(8):771-793

A computational framework is presented for dynamic strain localization and deformation analyses of water‐saturated clay by using a cyclic elasto‐viscoplastic constitutive model. In the model, the nonlinear kinematic hardening rule and softening due to the structural degradation of soil particles are considered. In order to appropriately simulate the large deformation phenomenon in strain localization analysis, the dynamic finite element formulation for a two‐phase mixture is derived in the updated Lagrangian framework. The shear band development is shown through the distributions of viscoplastic shear strain, the axial strain, the mean effective stress, and the pore water pressure in a normally consolidated clay specimen. From the local stress–strain relations, more brittleness is found inside the shear bands than outside of them. The effects of partially drained conditions and mesh‐size dependency on the shear banding are also investigated. The effect of a partially drained boundary is found to be insignificant on the dynamic shear band propagation because of the rapid rate of applied loading and low permeability of the clay. Using the finer mesh results in slightly narrower shear bands; nonetheless, the results manifest convergency through the mesh refinement in terms of the overall shape of shear banding and stress–strain relations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

海水海砂混凝土双K断裂参数的确定   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

臧朝会  杨树桐  金亮亮 《海洋工程》2019,37(4):142-150

采用尺寸为515 mm×100 mm×100 mm初始缝高比从0.1变化至0.8的三点弯曲梁试件,利用试验测得起裂荷载Pini、最大荷载Pmax及对应的裂缝口张开位移CMODc等参数,研究了缝高比a0/h对海水海砂混凝土双K断裂参数的影响。并以相同配合比的淡水河砂梁作为对照组,进一步研究了海砂海水混凝土双K断裂参数与普通混凝土之间的关系。结果发现海水海砂混凝土断裂参数在a0/h=0.25～0.7范围内时可以认为是一常数;海水海砂混凝土梁断裂参数比相同配合比情况下的淡水河砂梁大且对边界影响更加敏感。  相似文献   

黏土水泥浆材特性的试验研究     

邱浩浩 《地质与勘探》2020,56(6):1272-1277

黏土水泥浆材是采空区处治的优选注浆材料，但目前关于优化浆材配比的研究较少。针对毕威高速公路水塘隧道出口段采空区处治工程，提出采用黏土水泥浆液进行注浆处理，并进行室内试验研究，得到了不同配比浆液的凝结时间、结石率、结石密度、结石体抗压强度、渗透系数及冲蚀率等性能指标。试验结果表明，固相比较低的浆液凝结时间较短，抗压强度较高，渗透系数较大；随原浆比重增加，浆液的凝结时间缩短，强度提高且渗透系数降低；偏铝酸钠可有效缩短浆液的凝结时间；最终确定了黏土水泥浆材的配比和原浆比重。本次研究可为高速公路下伏采空区的注浆治理提供设计依据。  相似文献   

铁路路基粗粒土填料临界动应力试验研究     

王康宇  庄妍  耿雪玉 《岩土力学》2020,41(6):1865-1873

粗粒土填料被广泛应用于铁路基床填料中，直接承受轨道结构传递的列车动循环荷载的长期作用，研究其在列车动荷载作用下的动力行为特征及塑性变形特性可为路基状态评估、沉降控制提供思路。采用GDS动三轴试验系统对铁路基床表层的粗粒土填料动力响应开展研究，通过引入塑性应变率和安定理论，将不同频率、围压、循环动应力比等条件下路基填料的轴向塑性应变的发展规律划分为塑性安定、塑性蠕变和增量塑性破坏3种类型，并确定了塑性安定和塑性蠕变状态的临界动应力水平。研究表明：粗粒土填料的临界循环应力比随着围压的增大而增大，随着荷载频率的增加而减小。通过对试验结果的拟合分析，提出了以围压为变量的临界动应力经验公式，为合理评估列车荷载作用下路基任意深度的动力稳定提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

Parallelized combined finite-discrete element (FDEM) procedure using multi-GPU with CUDA     

Quansheng Liu  Weiqin Wang  Hao Ma 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2020,44(2):208-238

This paper focuses on the efficiency of finite discrete element method (FDEM) algorithmic procedures in massive computers and analyzes the time-consuming part of contact detection and interaction computations in the numerical solution. A detailed operable GPU parallel procedure was designed for the element node force calculation, contact detection, and contact interaction with thread allocation and data access based on the CUDA computing. The emphasis is on the parallel optimization of time-consuming contact detection based on load balance and GPU architecture. A CUDA FDEM parallel program was developed with the overall speedup ratio over 53 times after the fracture from the efficiency and fidelity performance test of models of in situ stress, UCS, and BD simulations in Intel i7-7700K CPU and the NVIDIA TITAN Z GPU. The CUDA FDEM parallel computing improves the computational efficiency significantly compared with the CPU-based ones with the same reliability, providing conditions for achieving larger-scale simulations of fracture.  相似文献   

重载铁路水泥改良膨胀土路基填料动弹模量及阻尼比研究     

商拥辉  徐林荣  黄亚黎  陈钊锋 《工程地质学报》2020,28(1):103-110

动弹模量与阻尼比是土动力学分析中的重要力学参数,考虑重载铁路荷载特征定量分析水泥改良膨胀土的动模量和阻尼比的较少。依托蒙西至华中地区铁路煤运通道(简称蒙-华铁路)工程为背景,采用南阳邓州市大山寨膨胀土,通过在不同频率、围压、固结比及动应力幅值下的持续振动三轴试验,研究了水泥掺量3%和5%水泥改良膨胀土的动弹模量及阻尼比,并与膨胀土素土进行对比分析。结果表明:水泥掺量3%和5%改良膨胀土的最大动弹模量约为膨胀土素土的3~4倍;在动弹模量-应变曲线中,动应变小于0. 002时表现为陡降段,动弹模量随动应变增长降幅达70%,而动应变大于0. 002时降幅较小,动弹模量随动应变增长趋于稳定;动弹模量随围压、频率、水泥掺量增加而增大,阻尼比随围压、固结比增加而减小;低应变水平下,固结比与动模量成正相关关系,高应变水平下,固结比与动弹模量成负相关关系。同时,对动弹模量及阻尼比进行了归一化分析,建立了估算动弹模量及阻尼比的经验公式。  相似文献   

Thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling of unsaturated soils using isogeometric analysis: Model development and application to strain localization simulation     

Shahriar Shahrokhabadi  Toan Duc Cao  Farshid Vahedifard 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2020,44(2):261-292

This study presents a thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) model of unsaturated soils using isogeometric analysis (IGA). The framework employs Bézier extraction to connect IGA to the conventional finite element analysis (FEA), featuring the current study as one of the first attempts to develop an IGA-FEA framework for solving THM problems in unsaturated soils. IGA offers higher levels of interelement continuity making it an attractive method for solving highly nonlinear problems. The governing equations of linear momentum, mass, and energy balance are coupled based on the averaging procedure within the hybrid mixture theory. The Drucker-Prager yield surface is used to limit the modified effective stress where the model follows small strain, quasi-static loading conditions. Temperature dependency of the surface tension is implemented in the soil-water retention curve. Nonuniform rational B-splines (NURBS) basis functions are used in the standard Galerkin method and weak formulations of the balance equations. Displacement, capillary pressure, gas pressure, and temperature are four independent quantities that are approximated by NURBS in spatial discretization. The framework is used to simulate strain localization in an undrained dense sand subjected to plane strain biaxial compression under different temperatures and displacement velocities. Results show that an increase in the displacement rate leads to reduction in the equivalent plastic strain while an increase in the temperature leads to an increase in the equivalent plastic strain. The findings suggest that the proposed IGA-based framework offers a viable alternative for solving THM problems in unsaturated soils.  相似文献